ABSTRACT
Abdou NEMI, AlAzemi MS, Al-Sayegh MT, Majeed QAH. Performance of diagnostic assays used to detect Cryptosporidium oocysts in faecal samples of cattle in Kuwait and genotyping of Cryptosporidium species. BMC Veterinary Research. 2022; 18: 336 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-022-03435-w.
Abeywardena H, Jex AR, Gasser, RB. A perspective on Cryptosporidium and Giardia, with an emphasis on bovines and recent epidemiological findings. Advances in Parasitology. 2015; 88: 243-301.
Amer S, Zidan S, Feng Y,Adamu H, Li N, Xiao L. Identity and public health potential of Cryptosporidium spp. in Water Buffalo calves in Egypt. Veterinary Parasitology. 2013; 191(1-2): 123-7.
Ayinmode AB, Fagbemi BO. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in cattle from southern Nigeria. Vet Archiv. 2010; 80(6): 723-31.
Bhanja R, Biswas J, Dule S, Pandit S, Jas R, Nandi A, Barua R, Chaudhuri S, Dutta T, Datta S, Batabyal K, Baidya S. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium Species Isolated from Calves of Three Districts of West Bengal. Indian Journal of Veterinary Public Health. 2023; 9(3): 70-2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.62418/ijvph.9.3.2023.70-72.
Bhat SA, Juyal PD, Singh NK, Singla LD. Coprological investigation on neonatal bovine cryptosporidiosisin Ludhiana, Punjab. Journal of Parasitology Disease, 2013; 37(1): 114-17.
CDC. 2025. About Crypto Infections. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/cryptosporidium/about/index.html#:~:text=Cryptosporidiosis%20is%20a%20disease%20that,been%20contaminated%20with%20infected%20poop. [27th May, 2025]
Chalmers RM, Ferguson C, Cacciò S, Gasser RB, El-Osta YGA, Heijnen L, … Stevens M. Direct comparison of selected methods for genetic categorisation of Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis species. International Journal for Parasitology. 2005; 35(4): 397-410.
Cho YI, Sun D, Cooper V, Dewell G, Schawartz K, Yoon KJ. Evaluation of a commercial rapid test kit for detecting bovine enteric pathogens in feces. J. Vet. Diagnos Inv. 2012; 24(3): 559-62.
Delafosse A, Chartier C, Dupuy MC, Dumoulin M, Pors I, Paraud C. Cryptosporidium parvum infection and associated risk factors in dairy calves in western France. Prev. Vet. Med. 2015; 118: 406–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015. 01.005.
Dubey JP, Fayer R, Rao JR. Cryptosporidium oocysts in faeces of water buffalo and zebu calves in India. Journal of Veterinary Parasitology. 1992; 6: 55-6.
Fayer R, Ungar BL. Cryptosporidium spp. and cryptosporidiosis. Microbiological reviews. 1986; 50(4): 458-83.
Galuppi R, Piva S, Castagnetti, C, Sarli G, Iacono E, Fioravanti ML, Caffara M. Cryptosporidium parvum: From foal to veterinary students. Veterinary Parasitology.2016;219: 53-6.
Garcia LS, Bruckner DA, Brewer TC, Shimizu RY. Techniques for the recovery and identification of Cryptosporidium oocysts from stool specimens. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1983; 18: 185-90.
Hawash Y, Ghonaim MM, Al-Hazmi AS. Internal amplification control for a cryptosporidium diagnostic PCR: construction and clinical evaluation. Korean Journal of Parasitology. 2015; 53(2): 147-54.
Inpankaew T, Jiyipong T, Sunanta C, Kengradomkij C, Pinyopanuwat N, Jittapalapong S. Prevalence and molecular characterisation of bovine Cryptosporidium from dairy cows in Northern Thailand. Acta Parasitologica. 2017; 62(4): 772-4.
Kaupke A, Rzezutka A. Emergence of novel subtypes of Cryptosporidium parvum in calves in Poland. Parasitology Research. 2015; 114(12): 4709-16. DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4719-1
Kiang KM, Scheftel JM, Leano FT, Taylor CM, Belle-Isle PA, Cebelinski EA, et al. Recurrent outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis associated with calves among students at an educational farm programme, Minnesota, 2003. Epidemiology & Infection. 2006; 134(4): 878-86.
Kumar D, Sreekrishnan R, Das SS. Cryptosporidiosis in man and animals in Pondicherry. Indian Journal of Animal Science. 2004; 74: 261-3.
Mahfouz M, Mira N, Amer S. Prevalence and genotyping of Cryptosporidium spp. in farm animals in Egypt. The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science. 2014; 76(12):1569-75.
Meireles MV, Oliveira FPde, Teixeira WFP, Coelho WMD, Mendes LCN. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. In dairy calves from the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Parasitology Research. 2011; 109(3): 949-51. doi: 10.1007/s00436-011-2336-1. Epub 2011 Apr 7.
Meisel JL, Perera DR, Meligro C, Rubin CE. Overwhelming watery diarrhea associated with a Cryptosporidium in an immunosuppressed patient. Gastroenterology. 1976; 70(6): 1156-60.
Mirhashemi ME, Zintl A, Grant T, Lucy, FE,Mulcahy G, Waal TD. Comparison of diagnostic techniques for the detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in animal samples. Experimental Parasitology. 2015; 151-152: 14-20.
Mittal S, Sharma M, Chaudhary U, Yadav A. Comparison of ELISA and Microscopy for detection of Cryptosporidium in stool. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. 2014; 8(11): DC07-8. DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2014/9713.5088
Nime FA, Burek JD, Page DL, Holscher MA, Yardley JH. Acute enterocolitis in a human being infected with the protozoan Cryptosporidium. Gastroenterology. 1976; 70(4): 592-8.
Office International des Epizooties (OIE). Cryptosporidiosis. In: Terrestrial manual chapter 2.9.4, 2008; pp 1192-215.
Olson ME, Thorlakson CL, Deselliers L, Morck DW, Mcallister TA.Giardia and Cryptosporidium in Canadian farm animals. Veterinary Parasitology. 2004; 68: 375-81.
Preiser G, Preiser L, Madeo L. An outbreak of cryptosporidiosis among veterinary science students who work with calves. Journal of American College Health. 2003; 51(5): 213-5.
Qi M, Wang H, Jing B, Wang D, Wang R, Zhang L. Occurrence and molecular identification of Cryptosporidium spp. in dairy calves in Xinjiang, Northwestern China. Veterinary Parasitology. 2015; 212(3–4): 404-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.07.002.
Radfar M, Gowhari MA, Khalili M. Comparison of capture ELISA and modified Ziehl-Neelsen for detection of Cryptosporidium parvum in feces of camel (Camelus dromedarius) in Iran. Scientia Parasitologica. 2013; 14(3):147-52.
Rajkhowa S, Rajkhowa C, Hazarika GC. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum in mithuns (Bos frontalis) from India. Veterinary Parasitology. 2006; 142(1-2): 146-9.
Rekha HKM, Puttalakshmamma GC, D’souzaPE.Comparison of different diagnostic techniques for the detection of cryptosporidiosis in bovines. Veterinary World. 2016; 9(2): 211-5.
Romero-Salas D, Alvarado-Esquivel C, Cruz-Romero A, Aguilar-Domínguez M, Ibarra-Priego N, Merino-Charrez JO, Pérez de León AA, Hernández-Tinoco J. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium in small ruminants from Veracruz, Mexico. BMC Veterinary Research. 2016; 12: 14. doi: 10.1186/s12917-016-0638-3.
Roy SS, Saankar S, Batabyal S, Pramanik AK, Das P. Observations on the epidemiology of bovine cryptosporidiosis in India. Veterinary Parasitology. 2006; 141: 330-3.
Smith KE, Stenzel SA, Bender JB, Wagstrom E, Soderlund D, Leano FT, Danila R. Outbreaks of enteric infections caused by multiple pathogens associated with calves at a farm day camp. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2004; 23(12): 1098-104.
Smith RP, Clifton-Hadley FA, Cheney T, Giles M. Prevalence and molecular typing of Cryptosporidium in dairy cattle in England and Wales and examination of potential on-farm transmission routes. Veterinary Parasitology. 2014: 204:111–9.
Tyzzer EE. A sporozoan found in the peptic glands of the common mouse. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine.1907; 5(1): 12-3.
Vastert D, Brinkman M, Wilke H, Mulder B. 2025. Diagnosis of Cryptosporidium parvum with microscopy, striptest, ELISA and realtime PCR. Available at https://www.corisbio.com/pdf/Science/DUO-Crypto-Giardia/Diagnosis%20of%20Cryptosporidium%20with%20microscopy.pdf#:~:text=The%20sensitivities%20of%20microscopic%20detection%2C%20Crypto%2Dstrip%20and,three%20methods%20were%20never%20lower%20than%2098%25. [11th July, 2025]
Venu R, Latha BR, Basith S Abdul, Raj G Dhinakar, Sreekumar C, et al. Molecular prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in dairy calves in Southern states of India. Veterinary Parasitology. 2012; 188 (1-2): 19–24. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.02.025.
Wegayehu T, Karim R, Anberber M, Adamu H, Erko B, Zhang L, Tilahun G. Prevalence and Genetic Characterization of Cryptosporidium Species in Dairy Calves in Central Ethiopia. PLoS ONE. 2016; 11(5): e0154647. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0154647.
Xiao L, Feng Y. Zoonotic cryptosporidiosis. FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology. 2008; 52(3): 309-23.